With hazelnut prices at a record high, farmers are trying to squeeze out as much profit from dying orchards as they can, experts say.

Older hazelnut trees across Oregon’s Willamette Valley are gradually succumbing to Eastern Filbert Blight, a fungal pathogen, while growers replace them with new disease-resistant varieties.

However, at a time when farmers are selling hazelnuts for $1.70 per pound — the highest price ever — they are reluctant to remove infected orchard blocks that still generate solid yields.

“We know it’s a matter of time before we lose the orchard but we’re going to keep fighting,” said Dwayne Bush, a farmer near Eugene, Ore., during the annual conference of the Nut Growers Society on Jan. 13.

Bush said he scouts for symptoms of blight and prunes away infected limbs throughout the winter, then sprays fungicides four times per year after bud break to suppress the disease.

Eastern filbert blight can be slowed by cutting away “cankers” that allow the fungus to release spores and infect new trees, said Jay Pscheidt, plant pathology professor at Oregon State University.

Cutting a branch directly below the canker, however, is not sufficient — more wood must be removed to effectively prevent the canker from growing, he said.

Pruning the limb three feet below the canker will offer the most protection but will also significantly dent production, so Pscheidt recommends cutting one foot below the canker.

Cankers can still release spores after a branch is cut, so growers should not allow pruned limbs to linger on the ground below trees, he said.

If piles cannot be burned immediately, they should be moved to an area where prevailing winds won’t send spores toward uninfected portions of the orchard, Pscheidt said.

Grinding the limbs has also been shown to nullify the threat from cankers, he said.

Fungicides help trees fight the fungus and stave off the decline in yields, but the cost of spraying must be weighed against the revenue from the orchard block, Pscheidt said.

“These fungicides are not 100 percent effective,” he said. “You will still find cankers on the trees, but significantly fewer of them.”

Growers with large trees must also contend with the issue of spray coverage.

Garry Rodakowski, a farmer near Vida, Ore., has trees that are 40-80 years old and have grown too big for cankers to be readily spotted.

Apart from pruning problems, the size of the trees impedes the penetration of fungicides, Rodakowski said.

“Your spray coverage has to get up there,” he said.

Rodakowski’s solution has been to remove the overstory between rows with a hedging machine, creating an opening for the fungicide mist to rise and filter into the trees.

“We’re knocking down about 20 feet from where the original canopy was,” he said.

Bruce Chapin, a farmer near Salem, Ore., hires aerial applicators to treat his trees, which allows him to exploit the few “weather windows” of ideal spraying weather in early spring.

“Timing is very important,” he said.

At this point, one of the orchards managed by Chapin’s family is so diseased that the blight has spread to the trees’ trunks, convincing them to stop pruning.

Even so, they hope to keep the block producing nuts for another 3-5 years with the spray regimen, he said. “Keep in mind, this orchard is still producing money.”

TODAY

TUESDAY, JAN. 13

PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — A conservation group has bought a second large ranch along the John Day River in Central Oregon that could eventually provide public access to a remote, scenic part of the state.

The Western Rivers Conservancy bought the Murtha Ranch at Cottonwood Canyon in 2008, and then sold it to the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department for what’s now the second-largest state park, at 8,000 acres.

The organization recently bought a ranch 40 miles upstream, at Thirtymile Creek in Gilliam County, near Condon, The Oregonian reports.

The ranch has all-weather private road access to the John Day River at a point where it runs in a 1,000-foot-deep canyon, but access is now available only by paying a fee. It’s on a 70-mile stretch of the river with a federal designation as wild and scenic.

The Rattray Ranch had been owned for three generations by the family that homesteaded in the 1880s, passing it down to six sisters who sold it.

The purchase price was not disclosed, but an Eastern Oregon real estate company had listed it at $7 million.

The property comes with grazing rights to 10,530 adjacent acres owned by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management.

Named for a fur trapper, the John Day at 281 miles is the second-longest undammed river in the continental United States.

It rises in the southern part of the Blue Mountains, runs westward and then turns to the northwest, cutting across the Columbia Plateau to empty into the Columbia River.

The two conservancy purchases are on the lower part of the river, popular with rafters and anglers.

The organization hopes to sell the land to the Bureau of Land Management.

President Sue Doroff said that may take three to five years, after which the agency could develop a public access plan. The conservancy plans to sell land used to grow wheat to a private owner.

It has no agreement with the federal agency, though, as it did with the state parks department before buying the Cottonwood Canyon property.

“Thirtymile Creek is a very important cold water tributary of the lower John Day River for salmon and steelhead,” Doroff said. “We want to protect and restore it in perpetuity.”

She said the section the river near the ranch has wilderness qualities, and eventual public access would allow boaters a 40-mile trip downstream to Cottonwood Canyon, avoiding challenging rapids. The uplands has one of Oregon’s largest herds of bighorn sheep, with 600 animals.

Intensive monitoring on the Middle Fork John Day River has revealed an invasive species new to Eastern Oregon.

A type of freshwater snail, commonly known as the European ear snail, was collected in September by the North Fork John Day Watershed Council based in Long Creek. It was tested and positively identified Dec. 31 by a laboratory in Missoula, Montana.

Native to Europe and Asia, the species was most likely introduced to North America by accident sometime in the late 1800s, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. The theory goes that snails hitchhiked over on plants imported to North American greenhouses, and were later released into the environment.

Ear snails have been found at numerous locations across the West, with the nearest prior discoveries at Lake Billy Chinook in central Oregon and in the Snake River and Owyhee drainages of Idaho. Significant populations are also appearing in southwest Oregon.

Project coordinators with the North Fork John Day Watershed Council caught a single snail in their drift net during regular monitoring activities just downstream of Galena in Grant County. Staff member Justin Rowell said the council is now looking to partner with the Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife to determine the source and extent of the population.

“This is the first time it’s been found in Eastern Oregon,” Rowell said. “We’re hoping to do some more studies to see where it came from, and how intensive the infestation is.”

While the species is invasive, it is not considered noxious, Rowell said. That means it does not out-compete or have any other known detrimental effects to native species in the river.

“It’s not supposed to be here, but it’s not going to take over the river or anything like that,” he said.

The European ear snail gets its name for its distinctly ear-shaped shell. It prefers to live in freshwater lakes or slow-moving rivers, and feeds primarily on sand, algae and other organic debris.

Monitoring on the Middle Fork John Day River is done as part of the Middle Fork Intensely Monitored Watershed, supported by the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board in collaboration with other state, university and nonprofit partners.

More information is available at www.middleforkimw.org.

CENTRAL POINT, Ore. — On the heels of last week’s official designation of an eighth wolf pack in Oregon, biologists believe yet another wandering wolf is prowling timberland just north of the California border.

Biologist Mark Vargas of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife reported the probable wolf sighting near the community of Keno in Klamath County during a wolf update at the Jan. 10 annual meeting of the Jackson County Stockmen’s Association. Vargas said the sighting came while the known pack was in another location, and has not been officially confirmed.

ODFW and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service earlier designated as the “Rogue Pack” a group of wolves running with OR-7 and his mate.

The pack’s home turf, most of it national forest timberland, is southeastern Douglas County, eastern Jackson County, western Klamath County and perhaps portions of far northern Siskiyou County in California.

“There could be more wolves, we don’t know yet,” Vargas said. The Oregon wolf census is currently in progress.

Several members of the stockmen’s association run cattle on public lands in the Cascade Mountains where the Rogue Pack apparently spends much of its time. Vargas told the cattlemen they need to deal with the reality.

“We have wolves, folks. They are not going away. I realize this is a lifestyle change,” Vargas said.

He urged cattlemen to look into forming the county advisory committee, which allows them to tap into state funds should confirmed livestock losses occur.

The Oregon Legislature in 2013 established a wolf predation loss compensation program. Funds were distributed to producers in eight Eastern Oregon counties in 2014. Neither Vargas nor Jackson County Commissioner Doug Breidenthal had details on the Oregon Department of Agriculture compensation program or county advisory committee duties.

Breidenthal, who followed Vargas on the stockmen’s program, said the Jackson County Board of Commissioners won’t form a wolf predation loss advisory committee without a formal request. Stockmen indicated they will study the law and regulations with an eye toward making that request next month.

An informal show of hands indicated most folks at the meeting favor forming the committee. That’s the only legal way to tap the state compensation fund. Several stockmen had questions about how the county committee process might work.

The state law says confirmed losses will be paid at “fair market value,” with 90 percent coming from the newly established state trust fund and 10 percent from county funds. Jackson County has no item in the current budget for livestock loss compensation.

Mark Hopkins, who coordinates grazing allotments on the Rogue-Siskiyou National Forest, said official designation of the wolf pack triggers a set of rules for livestock permittees. They include prompt removal of carcasses that would attract wolves and a ban on salt block placement in the vicinity of known wolf den sites.

Last week’s official designation of the Rogue Pack is a formal change to the Oregon Wolf Management Plan. The other seven packs are concentrated in Northeastern Oregon, where Idaho wolves initially swam the Snake River from Idaho.

OR-7, a radio-collared male from one of those packs, undertook a celebrated trek in 2011 and 2012 to Oregon’s Cascade Mountains, then spent time in Northern California before returning to Southern Oregon and setting up housekeeping. His mate apparently came south on her own from Northeast Oregon.

The Rogue Pack had three pups in 2014. Vargas says ODFW and federal biologists assume at least two survived into the new year. Pup survival is part of the state criteria for designating packs. ODFW is reviewing all wolf data this winter to make official determinations on known breeding pairs and pup survival rates. Michelle Dennehy, an ODFW spokesperson, said it will be several weeks before that data is analyzed and official 2014 wolf populations are announced.

WEDNESDAY, JAN. 14

COQUILLE — A new real estate firm has come to town.

For the Capital Press

With half the snowfall season in the books, snowpack levels in Western Oregon are dangerously low.

The good news is the levels could rebound before snowfall season expires, and in Eastern Oregon, where farmer fortunes are more closely tied to snowpack, the levels are doing fine.

Still, with the warm, wet conditions of an El Nino permeating Western Oregon at a time when the snowpack is typically building, concerns are mounting that Western Oregon farmers could face water shortages come irrigation season.

“We’ve seen years where snowpack levels rebounded,” said Scott Oviatt, snow program manager for the Natural Resources Conservation Service in Portland. “We’ve also seen years where the tap just shut off.”

Last year, Oviatt said, snowpack levels were below even this year’s in the January survey. But heavy, late-season snowfall created near normal snowpack levels by May.

Oviatt said the NRCS attributes the low snowfall levels in Western Oregon this year to “climate variability” and not climate change.

“Climate variability is the key here, and that is the case every year,” he said.

The lowest levels in the first NRCS Oregon snow survey of the year are in the Klamath Basin, which is at 24 percent of normal; the Rogue Umpqua Basin, which is at 25 percent of normal; and the Willamette, which is at 29 percent of normal. Also dangerously low are the Hood, Sandy, Lower Deschutes Basin comes in at 30 percent of normal; and the Upper Deschutes, Crooked Basin registers 38 percent of normal.

Snowpack conditions improve dramatically to the east, with Harney Basin at 108 percent of normal; Malheur at 92 percent of normal; and Owyhee at 86 percent of normal. The Umatilla, Walla Walla, Willow Basin is at 68 percent of normal; the Grande Ronde, Powder, Burnt, Imnaha Basin is at 78 percent of normal; while the Lake County, Goose Lake Basin is at 57 percent of normal.

Precipitation levels, conversely, are high throughout the state, with all 11 basins surveyed at or above 100 percent of normal for the water year, which starts Oct. 1.

The NRCS issues snow surveys using data from its 80 Oregon Snotel sites once a month from January through June.

One last hope for Western Oregon farmers, if snowpack levels don’t rebound, is a flush of spring rain to build reservoir levels. Given that weather forecasters are showing warmer than normal conditions over the next 90 days, heavy spring rainfall may end up being Western Oregon farmers’ last and best hope to generate a water supply adequate to get through the 2015 irrigation season.

TUESDAY, JAN. 13

Oregon State University has announced fall term honor roll students. A total of 861 students earned a GPA of 4.0 and 3,598 earned a 3.5 GPA or better. To be included on the honor roll, student…

SATURDAY, JAN. 10

SALEM — At an extension wheat and seed production meeting here Jan. 6, Oregon State University plant pathologist Chris Mundt issued an alert to Willamette Valley wheat producers to keep an eye out for stripe rust.

Mundt said mild winter weather is creating an ideal environment for the fungal disease to get a foothold early this year. And, he said, “The largest field losses occur when stripe rust starts early.

“You don’t want the rust to get ahead of you,” he said.

Stripe rust and Septoria are the two biggest disease threats to wheat production in the Willamette Valley, Mundt said.

Mild winter temperatures increase the likelihood the rust pathogen survives the winter and shortens the time it takes for the pathogen to complete a generation, which can increase the amount of inoculum in the environment at any one time, Mundt said.

With temperatures 5 degrees above normal in December, and with January starting out with abnormally high temperatures, Mundt said he believes growers could start seeing stripe rust two and three weeks earlier than normal.

“I think this could be a year where it might be possible for stripe rust to start to pop out on susceptible varieties even in mid-January,” he said.

“Let us know if you see something pop up early, because you really need to control disease on a valley-wide basis and we want to know when that first rust is popping up,” he said.

The good news for growers, Mundt said, is that because 2014 was a mild rust year, not a lot of rust inoculum was present in the valley going into the winter.

But, he said, “On the negative side, probably the biggest driver of whether you are going to have a severe stripe rust outbreak is whether or not you had a mild winter.”

Also on the plus side of the ledger, wheat varieties available today are more resistant to rust than varieties available in the past, Mundt said, including in 2011, a year in which rust played havoc with wheat production in the valley.

Mundt singled out the varieties Bobtail and Rosalyn as “very resistant” to stripe rust.

Even given their high level of resistance, however, Mundt advised growers to keep an eye on their fields.

“You really can’t predict how these varieties are going to hold up,” he said.

Mundt identified Kaseberg, SY Ovation and LCS Art Deco as moderately resistant varieties.

“In a low rust year, they are probably going to hold up well,” he said, “so if there is not a lot of rust around, you are probably home free in terms of rust spraying. On the other hand, if there is a lot of rust in the valley, you probably want to give them a treatment.”

Mundt identified the varieties Goetze, Tubbs 06 and Mary as highly susceptible to the disease.

“If you’ve even heard about rust anywhere in the valley, you probably want to give them a treatment,” he said.

Oregon’s work to improve rangeland habitat and jumpstart rural economies by removing western juniper could get a boost when the Legislature opens its 2015 session in February.

Legislation drafted by the Western Juniper Alliance would allocate $900,000 for a loan and grant program for juniper harvesting and manufacturing businesses. The money also would fund business planning help for small mills or logging outfits, provide worker training and map the location of high-quality juniper stands. The Western Juniper Alliance is a coalition of industry, government and environmental representatives convened by Sustainable Northwest, a Portland non-profit that works to resolve environmental and rural economic problems.

Dylan Kruse, Sustainable Northwest’s policy director and manager of the alliance, said District 27 Rep. Tobias Read, D-Beaverton, will sponsor the bill. Kruse said a broad coalition now supports the idea of speeding the pace and scale of juniper removal.

Junipers encroach on much of the arid West, crowding out sage and native grasses and sucking up prodigious amounts of water, according to experts. Cutting western junipers has a cascading benefit: It makes more water available and it improves grazing for cattle and habitat for greater sage grouse, which is a candidate for listing under the Endangered Species Act this year. Multiple cattle ranchers in Eastern Oregon have signed on to voluntary habitat conservation plans that include provisions for juniper removal.

Meanwhile, at least three small mills in Eastern Oregon have found fledgling markets for juniper poles, posts, decking and landscape timbers. Sustainable Northwest Woods, an offshoot of the non-profit, buys from the mills and operates a specialty lumber yard in Portland.

Kruse said adding mill or logging jobs in Eastern Oregon, combined with the range and wildlife habitat benefits, make juniper projects a “no-brainer.”

“It’s holistic approach for land management,” he said. “This is one of the rare win-win-win situations that we have.”

In the second part of an interview carried on the Oregon Department of Agriculture website, Director Katy Coba said food safety and consumer protection remains the department’s most important program for 2015.

“We focus very hard on food safety issues,” Coba said in the interview with department spokesman Bruce Pokarney.

“Our whole goal is to minimize the potential for food illness outbreaks. So there is a lot of up front education and outreach, and we prioritize our limited resources to focus on those licensed facilities whose activities represent the greatest risk to food safety. These are facilities that handle food products before they even get to grocery stores. Even within the many retail stores we license and inspect, we prioritize by risk, focusing on those with a history of problems.”

Coba said the department has a “very good” track record of preventing food-borne illnesses and responding quickly when outbreaks occur.

“Also in the new year, there is more work to be done on the implementation of the Food Safety Modernization Act,” Coba said. “It’s coming at us, and even though it’s a federal effort, we hope to have a better idea in 2015 on what role ODA will play going forward.”

The full interview is carried on the department website. http://odanews.wpengine.com/oda-poised-to-meet-the-challenges-of-2015/

Jan. 25, 1936 - Jan. 3, 2015

GRANTS PASS, Ore. (AP) — Oregon’s famous wandering wolf, OR-7, is now officially the leader of his own pack.

State and federal wildlife agencies said Wednesday they have designated OR-7, his mate and their pups the Rogue Pack, for their location in the Rogue River drainage in the Cascades east of Medford.

It’s the first pack in western Oregon and the ninth in the state since wolves from Idaho started swimming the Snake River in the 1990s.

As a youngster, OR-7 left his pack in northeastern Oregon in September 2011 in search of a mate. He traveled thousands of miles across Oregon and back and forth into Northern California before finding a mate last winter in the southern Cascades on the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest.

The GPS collar that tracked his travels is still working, but biologists hope to replace it this spring.

Efforts to trap OR-7, his mate or one of the pups to put a tracking collar on them were not successful last fall, said U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologist John Stephenson. They hope to have better luck this May, when the pack dens up for more pups.

Even if the GPS tracking collar fails, a separate unit on the collar that emits a radio signal that can be tracked by a directional antenna should continue working, Stephenson said.

Oregon could consider lifting state Endangered Species Act protections for wolves this year if biologists confirm that four or more packs produced pups that survived through the end of the year. The earliest a proposal could go before the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission is April, said spokeswoman Michelle Dennehy. Delisting would not mean an end to protections for wolves, but would give ranchers more options for dealing with wolves that attack livestock.

OR-7 has continued to stay out of trouble as far as livestock are concerned.

Oregon’s management plan calls for protections to continue for the Rogue Pack until there are four packs in western Oregon producing pups for three years running. Federal Endangered Species Act protection also remains in force in western Oregon and California.

By MITCH LIES

For the Capital Press

Blueberry growers, marketers and packers will have a rare opportunity to learn from a consortium of industry experts at the Oregon State University Blueberry School, March 16 and 17.

The event, the first OSU Blueberry School since 2007, provides one-stop shopping for those interested in maximizing blueberry production and market opportunities, according to Oregon State University Extension Berry Crops Specialist Bernadine Strik.

It will include cutting-edge information for beginning and advanced growers, as well as those focused on conventional and organic production methods, she said.

“Further, blueberry industry consultants will address key issues of where the blueberry market is going and how you might be more successful in tight labor or volume markets,” she said.

Researchers from the USDA Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University and OSU will provide information on blueberry plant physiology, water requirements of plants to help irrigation scheduling, pruning, nutrient management, site preparation and other topics.

An agenda and registration information can be accessed on line at http://osublueberryschool.org/.

Early registration and its accompanying reduced rates closes Feb. 5, Strik said.

Group discount rates for farms or businesses are available, she said.

The school will be held on the OSU campus at the LaSells Stewart Center and CH2M Hill Alumni Center.

Southwestern Oregon Community College students who have excelled during the 2014 fall term are being recognized with placement on the college’s dean’s list, honor roll and academic excellence …

SALEM — Oregon Gov. John Kitzhaber will propose a legislative fix in mid-January aimed at fostering coexistence among biotech, conventional and organic crops.

Details of the proposal haven’t yet been disclosed and the legislative language will likely be amended before an actual bill is introduced, said Richard Whitman, the governor’s natural resources policy director.

“The anticipation is there will be more conversation among stakeholders before we finalize the bill,” Whitman said.

A task force on genetically modified organisms appears to have helped Kitzhaber decide on a course of action.

In 2013, the Oregon legislature pre-empted most local governments from restricting genetically modified crops at Kitzhaber’s urging.

The governor then appointed a task force to frame the controversy over genetically modified organisms and inform lawmakers’ decisions on possible statewide legislation.

The task force’s recently completed report does not make any policy recommendations but lays out the points of contention between critics and proponents of genetically engineered crops.

However, its members did agree that more clarity is needed about the state’s role in regulating GMOs and how it diverges from federal authority.

The main question now is what measures Kitzhaber or state lawmakers will put forward to prevent unwanted cross-pollination among these crops or if farmers can agree on a voluntary system to avoid such gene flow.

“All eyes are going to be on the legislature and what the governor is planning to do,” said Ivan Maluski, executive director of Friends of Family Farms, which wants stronger biotech regulation. “This task force marks the beginning of the process, not the end.”

One subject of debate will probably be the Oregon Department of Agriculture’s “control area” authority over biotech crops, said Maluski.

Currently, ODA can restrict where genetically engineered crops are planted as long as the USDA retains jurisdiction over them, but the state agency believes it loses that power once the crop is deregulated by federal officials.

State legislation could establish that ODA may still create or retain “control areas” even after USDA lifts its own restrictions on biotech crops, said Maluski.

For example, such state control areas could require biotech farmers to maintain “isolation distances” to mitigate the risk of cross-pollination with non-GMOs, he said.

“It’s going to be on a case-by-case basis, as it should be,” Maluski said.

Another concept involves compensating organic and conventional growers if their crops are contaminated by pollen from biotech plants, said Chris Schreiner, executive director of Oregon Tilth, an organic certification agency.

There should be a way to compensate non-GMO farmers for damages from cross-pollination that wouldn’t require them to buy insurance policies, he said.

Proponents of biotechnology say farmers who grow biotech, conventional and organic crops can work out their differences without interference from the government.

“Farmers have learned to coexist for years,” said Paulette Pyle, grass roots director for Oregonians for Food and Shelter, an agribusiness industry group.

Decades ago, a conflict between cherry growers and wheat farmers over drift from 2,4-D herbicides threatened to spur legislation or erupt into litigation, but neighbors were ultimately able to resolve the issue through communication, Pyle said.

The potential for biotech varieties to pollinate organic crops isn’t actually a problem under USDA organic rules, which regulate farm practices but don’t set up standards for genetic purity, she said.

“The organic folks have put themselves in that market box,” Pyle said. “They can advertise their product any way they want, but they’ve got to accept responsibility.”

Bills that would increase government oversight of biotech crops would actually impede co-existence by limiting crop choices for farmers, said Greg Loberg, manager of the West Coast Beet Seed Co.

“It sounds threatening,” he said. “There will be winners and losers in a situation where government intervention occurs through legislation.”

Voluntary coexistence measures for biotech, conventional and organic crops would be preferable to those mandated by regulators, he said.

For example, seed growers in Oregon’s Willamette Valley are already able to reduce the chances of cross-pollination among related crops through a voluntary mapping system, Loberg said.

“It’s not a broken system,” he said. “It’s quite functional.”

Schreiner of Oregon Tilth said a mapping system is one possibility for co-existence but he’s skeptical that it would be effective without regulatory oversight.

“The voluntary system we don’t see as having a high likelihood of success due to the lack of incentive for GE producers to participate,” he said.