An advocate of direct seeding and no-till farming hopes Northeastern Oregon wheat growers don’t give up the practice in wake of news that patches of Russian thistle, or tumbleweed, have developed resistance to glyphosate, the herbicide commonly used to control weeds in wheat fields.

Judit Barroso, a weed scientist at Oregon State University, recently published her research that confirmed what some growers have been worried about since they first reported trouble controlling Russian thistle with glyphosate in 2015. Barroso collected thistle samples from 10 locations in Morrow, Sherman and Umatilla counties; three from Morrow County turned out to be glyphosate resistant.

Barroso said those populations probably were treated much more frequently than others sampled, and had developed tolerance to the herbicide. Glyphosate is the active ingredient in Monsanto’s widely-used Roundup weed killer. Farmers who grow on a summer fallow rotation typically spray their fields after harvest and while the field lies fallow. The practice kills weeds without tillage, which can cause erosion.

Russian thistle competes with wheat plants for water and nutrients, and can reduce yield. When it dries, breaks off the stem and tumbles with the wind, it can spread seeds across wide areas, meaning glyphosate-resistance could spread as well.

Barroso advises growers to delay the onset of glyphosate resistance by rotating the use of different herbicides or using other weed control methods.

Blake Rowe, CEO of the Oregon Wheat Commission, said dryland growers in Oregon and Washington are closely following Barroso’s work and are trying to figure out the next step in research. Possibilities may include revised chemical strategies or timing, or planting cover crops that would compete with Russian thistle and perhaps weaken it. A return to cultivation is possible, he said.

“We’re looking at this one pretty hard,” Rowe said.

The Pacific Northwest Direct Seed Association, based in Colton, Wash., has been monitoring the findings as well. The organization is a non-profit that helps growers transition to no-till farming and direct seeding practices, in which seeds and fertilizer are planted into the stubble of the previous crop with minimal disturbance of the soil.

Executive Director Kay Meyer said a couple strategies have emerged to cope with glyphosate resistant Russian thistle. There’s no “silver bullet,” she said, but some farmers may be able to break the weed cycle by rotating in other cash crops rather than follow the grain-fallow-grain pattern year after year. Austrian peas may be an option for some, she said.

Cover crops may break disease cycles and build up soil, but some producers are worried they would take too much moisture from land that otherwise would lie fallow, she said.

Technology may hold an answer as well, Meyer said. New spot spray systems such as WeedIt and WeedSeeker can optically identify and spray only growing weeds, not bare ground. Such systems can reduce chemical use by 80 percent, Meyer said, and the savings might allow growers to use more expensive chemicals other than glyphosate.

The technology is expensive, but in some cases farmers might jointly purchase and share the system, she said.

The state director for USDA Wildlife Services in Oregon said the agency has removed M-44 cyanide poison traps from “areas of immediate concern” following the unintended poisoning of a wolf in Wallowa County in February.

Director Dave Williams said Wildlife Services has reviewed what happened and shared that information with Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, which manages wolves in the state. The two agencies are in ongoing discussions about how to prevent another wolf death, Williams said.

“We don’t feel good about that,” he said.

Williams said Wildlife Services has removed M-44s from areas identified by ODFW as places wolves are present. ODFW officials were not immediately available Wednesday to verify the information.

OR-48, a 100-pound male from the Shamrock Pack, died Feb. 26 after it bit an M-44 device, which fires cyanide powder into a predator’s mouth when it tugs on a baited or scented capsule holder. Wildlife Services set the trap on private land in an attempt to kill coyotes.

The federal agency kills predators or other wildlife that damage or pose a threat to property, livestock or humans. The agency describes M-44s as an “effective and environmentally sound wildlife damage management tool,” but the wildlife activist group Predator Defense calls them notoriously dangerous.

The devices are designed to kill canids such as coyotes and foxes. The cyanide powder reacts with saliva in an animal’s mouth, forming a poisonous gas that kills the animal within one to five minutes. Brooks Fahy,executive director of Predator Defense, said M-44s indiscriminately kill dogs attracted by the scent and are a hazard to children or others who might come across them in rural areas.

The Wallowa County incident is complicated by Oregon’s management and protection of gray wolves over the past decade as they entered the state from Idaho, formed packs, quickly grew in population and spread geographically.

Previously, Wildlife Services did not use M-44s in what the state designated as Areas of Known Wolf Activity. After wolves were taken off the state endangered species list in 2015, it was ODFW’s understanding that Wildlife Services would continue to avoid using M-44s in such areas.

“We discussed our concerns specifically regarding M-44s,” ODFW spokesman Rick Hargrave said last week. “We didn’t want those devices in those areas.

“We believed it was clear what our concerns were,” Hargrave said.

Williams, the Wildlife Services state director, said he wants to focus on preventing another wolf death rather than “who messed up here.”

He said the Wallowa County case was the first time the agency has killed a wolf in Oregon. Overall, the agency has recorded “lethal take” of “non-targeted” animals — ones it didn’t intend to kill — in 1.3 percent of cases, he said. He said the agency twice unintentionally caught Oregon wolves in foothold traps, which nonetheless allowed ODFW to put tracking collars on them before releasing them unharmed.

“Some of our tools are more forgiving than others,” Williams said.

He said Wildlife Services puts on workshops to help ranchers protect livestock with non-lethal methods. In one case two summers ago, agency personnel spent 260 hours over four weeks helping protect a sheep flock from Umatilla Pack wolves, he said. The work allowed ODFW to avoid having to kill wolves due to depredations, he said.

Meanwhile, the Oregon Cattlemen’s Association views the Wallowa County incident as a matter of agency to agency interaction and is “staying on the sidelines” in the investigation, said Todd Nash, a Wallowa County rancher who is the group’s wolf policy chair. Livestock producers, of course, have a keen interest in the state’s wolf management policies and outcomes.

“It’s never a good time politically to have a dead wolf,” Nash said.

Capital Press

Mark Sheffels doesn’t plant as much wheat as he once did.

Sheffels, who farms west of Spokane near Davenport and Wilbur, Wash., started reducing his wheat acreage several years ago in favor of winter peas.

He made the move because of low wheat prices and the high costs of raising it.

“Even when markets suggest we ought to do something else, agronomically it’s pretty hard to find replacements,” Sheffels said. “But we’re getting there, little by little.”

Colfax, Wash., grower Larry Cochran spreads his risk by planting alternative crops, including dry peas, lentils, chickpeas and barley. But wheat is still his primary crop.

“Because that’s what we do,” Cochran said. “We’re wheat farmers.”

Growers have reacted in a variety of different ways, from switching to new primary crops to diversifying what they raise, as they look for ways to wait out wheat prices that are lower than the cost of production.

Farmers estimate the cost of production at roughly $5.50 to $6 per bushel, said Glen Squires, CEO of the Washington Grain Commission.

The market price hovered between $4.50 and $4.65 per bushel this week. The export price is typically 60 to 80 cents lower than that, because farmers have to pay to get the wheat to Portland to ship it overseas.

“That’s why you hear guys saying they’re at $4 wheat, or a little below,” Squires said.

Cochran said he’s planting the same amount of wheat despite lower prices.

“I’m trying to raise a wheat crop as cheaply as I can,” he said. “Our input costs have come down some. I just hope I get a good, big crop that makes up for some of the loss of price.”

U.S. winter wheat acreage has dropped to one of the lowest levels ever, according to USDA. The USDA projects 50.2 million acres of wheat planted this winter, down 8.7 percent from 55 million acres in 2016.

Spring wheat acres are still to be determined, but Dan Steiner, grain merchant for Morrow County Grain Growers in Boardman, Ore., expects them to be relatively high.

“Wheat acres in the United States are definitely down, but wheat production across the world is going to be higher,” Steiner said.

Several factors have contributed to the burgeoning world supply, including more Russian production and China boosting production through farm subsidies, further depressing prices.

“Supply has been related to great weather around the world for four years in a row, which is unusual,” said Steve Mercer, vice president of communications for U.S. Wheat Associates.

The global stocks-to-use ratio would be significantly lower if China is factored out, and is declining, Mercer said.

“If we see a reduction in planting, weather and yields that are more normal or weather problems anywhere, we’re going to start cleaning out that supply pretty quickly,” he said. “There should be a correlated increase in demand, and therefore prices.”

In the meantime, Cochran will continue to spread his risk by diversification.

“All it takes is one disaster in the world somewhere and the price can change,” Cochran said.

Sheffels has a couple thousand acres of winter peas and 1,300 acres of winter wheat this year. He grows a rotation of winter wheat, fallow, winter peas and fallow under direct-seed production.

Sheffels says his fields look good, with a good snow cover easing his concerns about any problems caused by the cold winter.

He plans to maintain his rotation for the foreseeable future, and doesn’t think he’ll go back to wheat as his primary crop.

“It’s unlikely that’s going to happen, honestly,” he said.

DAVIS, Calif. — The USDA is accepting applications from farmers and ranchers in Northern and Central California seeking assistance after this winter’s flooding.

The Farm Service Agency is making available emergency low-interest loans to growers in counties included in President Donald Trump’s Feb. 14 declaration, which stretches through much of the state.

The loans are available to a producer who suffered at least a 30 percent loss of a primary crop or loss of income as a result of the disaster, according to the FSA website.

County FSA offices are also beginning to help growers access other aid programs that didn’t require the declaration, such as a tree replacement program for farms on which standing water damaged a young orchard or vineyard, said Jacque Johnson, the FSA’s acting state executive director.

Johnson said she expects some applications for loans and other aid, but much of the damage was minor enough that farmers could address it themselves.

“There is a lot of damage, but typically we don’t have hundreds and hundreds of people applying,” she said. “There is damage, but not so much damage that a farmer is not able to address it without assistance from the federal government.”

The aid follows a series of heavy winter storms that flooded fields, blew trees over and interfered with the almond blossom. Flood waters soaked artichokes and cauliflower in the Salinas Valley, covered rice and other fields in the middle Sacramento Valley, forced animals to higher ground along the Tuolumne and San Joaquin rivers and prompted workers to shore up weak spots in nearly 1,600 miles of levees in the Central Valley.

Among the programs available to growers:

• The Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honeybees and Farm-Raised Fish Program (ELAP) provides relief for losses because of feed or water shortages, disease, adverse weather or other conditions. It covers damaged or destroyed livestock feed that was intended for use by the producer’s eligible livestock, the California Cattlemen’s Association advises.

The program also covers up to 150 lost grazing days when livestock must be removed because of flooding and beehive losses from a natural disaster including flooding, the CCA notes.

• The Non-Insured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP) provides producers who have purchased the coverage with financial assistance for low yields, loss of inventory or prevented planting because of the disaster.

• The Livestock Indemnity Program pays eligible producers for livestock deaths that were caused by the disaster.

• The Tree Assistance Program (TAP) helps orchardists and nursery tree growers who lost trees, shrubs and vines because of the disaster.

• The Emergency Conservation Program (ECP) funds rehabilitation of land damaged by natural disasters, including replacing fences and removing debris.

• HayNet is an FSA-supported advertising site allowing farmers and ranchers to post “need hay” and “have hay” ads online, the CCA notes. Farmers can also post similar messages relating to grazing land. The site is www.fsa.usda.gov/haynet .

Each program has specific deadlines and requirements. Visit www.fsa.usda.gov or call your local Farm Service Agency office for details.

Fifteen new varieties have been added to the annual list that ranks wheat quality for growers and seed dealers.

Usually five or six varieties are added each year, said Doug Engle, manager of the USDA Western Wheat Quality Laboratory in Pullman, Wash.

The laboratory, the Idaho and Oregon wheat commissions and the Washington Grain Commission distribute the Preferred Wheat Varieties brochure.

The brochure assigns a ranking to each wheat variety — most desirable, desirable, acceptable and least desirable.

Of the 107 varieties listed, 52 received a most-desirable ranking.

Overall quality is the deciding factor, industry officials say.

“If you’re looking at choices of varieties, and you have a couple that have comparable agronomics, comparable yields, choose the one with the better quality,” said Glen Squires, CEO of the Washington commission. “That will just increase the overall quality of the crop.”

Mike Pumphrey, a spring wheat breeder at Washington State University, said the brochure is also a good guideline for breeders.

“I want my line to be on there with a desirable or most-desirable quality, so that the industry sees we’re doing our best to maintain the market share based on quality and production factors,” he said.

Farmers and seed managers pay attention to the brochure, Engel said.

Varieties don’t move up or down on the list, he said. The brochure uses all cumulative information on a variety.

Every three years, Engle polls the three state wheat organizations and removes varieties that don’t have significant acreage to make room for the new ones.

Pumphrey said growers see the long-term need to maintain a high-quality product.

“I often am surprised how much they value quality, considering it’s something they’re not overtly paid for any given crop year,” he said. “There’s been many times I’ve heard a farmer say, ‘Yeah, but I don’t like the quality of that line.’ That’s a tall order, when someone might be looking past bottom-line economics in one given year to say, ‘I don’t like the quality of that line and what it might do to us long-term.’”

A new category was added this year: Unacceptable Except Customer-Specific Uses, or UCS, for varieties that might perform well in a specific product, but should be segregated from general commercial channels, according to the brochure.

“If a mill wants to source that wheat, more power to them,” Engle said. “There’s a home for everything if you just look hard enough.”

WestBred soft white spring wheat WB-1035CL+, Arizona Plant Breeders hard white spring wheat BR7030 and three hard red winter wheats, Residence and Estica from Cebeco and Symphony from Tanio Tech, have the UCS ranking.

New varieties

Following are the new wheat varieties added to the Preferred Wheat Varieties brochure:

• LCS Drive

• UI Sparrow

• Norwest Duet

• SY Assure

• WB1604

• WB1529

• ARS-Pritchet

• LCS Evina

• LCS Jet

• Tekoa

• WB6341

• Ryan

• SY Steelhead

• LCS Luna

• LCS Iron

SALEM — Two bills aimed at expanding affordable housing in rural Oregon would make it easier to build dwellings or permanently reside in recreational vehicles on farmland.

Advocates of House bills 2937 and 2938 say the proposals would help mitigate the state’s housing shortage without undermining protections for farmland.

However, critics argue the bills would disrupt agricultural operations without having much impact on housing and could be counterproductive by encouraging short-term rentals.

“It’s just not the best use of farmland,” said Mary Anne Nash, public policy counsel for the Oregon Farm Bureau.

Proponents of the bills said lawmakers need to be creative in finding solutions to Oregon’s housing problem.

There are limits to what can be accomplished with legislation focused on landlord-tenant relations, said Julie Parrish, R-West Linn, during a March 14 legislative hearing.

“It doesn’t put new units in the mix,” she said.

Oregon’s land use system was intended to preserve farmland but not to create insufficent housing and perpetuate homelessness, Parrish said.

Meanwhile, HB 2937 and 2938 have restrictions that limit new dwellings and won’t “upset the land use apple cart in any significant way,” she said.

Under HB 2937, a single “accessory dwelling” can be sited within 100 feet of an existing home in a rural residential zone, or in a “exclusive farm use” zone with a county conditional use permit.

The same conditions apply to a single recreational vehicle used for “residential purposes” under HB 2938.

County governments can decide whether or not to incorporate these provisions into their land use plans and they’re also free to place additional restrictions on accessory dwellings and recreational vehicles sited in farm zones, according to supporters.

“The opportunity to be bold is there. You’re going to take political arrows either way,” said Shawn Cleave, government affairs director for the Oregon Association of Realtors.

Critics of the proposals say that affordable housing is needed more near cities where residents have access to jobs, transportation and other services, rather than in remote rural areas.

More people living in the countryside also means strains will increase on local road and water systems, opponents said.

Neither bill requires housing to be provided at affordable rates or to residents with low incomes, said Mary Kyle McCurdy, deputy director of the 1,000 Friends of Oregon, a nonprofit that supports Oregon’s land use system.

The proposals don’t prohibit landowners from using the dwellings for short-term vacation rentals, which often crowd out long-term rentals, McCurdy said.

Even if the bills contained such provisions, they’d be difficult to enforce given the rural locations of the dwellings, she said.

The profitability of short-term rentals has caused them to proliferate in Hood River County, where farming is already challenging due to the small size of farm parcels, said Mike McCarthy, an orchardist in the county.

Farm practices are often incompatible with residential uses and growers must comply with federal restrictions that prohibit spraying pesticides near dwellings, McCarthy said.

“You’re adding people into that zone,” he said.

ONTARIO, Ore. — Snowpack levels in the Owyhee River basin were far above normal this winter and the Owyhee Reservoir will fill for the first time since 2011.

About 1,800 farms and 118,000 irrigated acres in Eastern Oregon and part of southwestern Idaho depend on water from the reservoir. In 2016, those irrigators received their full 4-acre-foot allotment of water for the first time in four years.

This year’s water supply outlook is even better and, because the reservoir was built to hold a two-year’s supply of irrigation water, next year looks promising as well.

“It’s as good as it’s looked in a long time,” said Owyhee Irrigation District Manager Jay Chamberlin.

He flew over the basin in an airplane March 13 to gain a better feel for how much water will reach the reservoir this year.

A lot of the low-elevation snow has already melted and reached the reservoir but there is still quite a bit of snow in the medium to upper elevations, Chamberlin said.

“Everything looks really positive,” said Oregon farmer Bruce Corn, a member of the OID’s board of directors.

The reservoir, which has the capacity to hold 715,000 acre-feet of water for irrigation, was 79 percent full with 563,000 acre-feet as of March 13, according to the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

A little bit of water is being released from the dam right now for flood control efforts and the OID board will soon have to decide whether to release even more, Chamberlin said.

Total runoff from the basin this year is projected to be 146 percent of average, said Brian Sauer, water operations manager for the bureau’s middle Snake River field office.

“We anticipate a full supply of water availability on the Owyhee Project this year,” he said.

The bureau forecasts a total of 1.08 million acre-feet of water will flow into the reservoir from January through June. About 300,000 acre-feet has already reached the reservoir so that means another 783,000 acre-feet is still to come.

By comparison, the reservoir received 531,000 acre-feet of runoff all of last year, 190,000 acre-feet in 2015 and 175,000 acre-feet in 2014.

The allotment for Owyhee Project irrigators was slashed significantly from 2013-2015 because of drought conditions.

The project has significantly limited allotments a couple of times in the past but never that many years in a row, Corn said.

The current water supply situation looks great compared with those drought years but the project is really just getting back to typical levels, he said.

“This is really more of a normal scenario,” he said.

PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — Federal prosecutors assigned to the criminal case against the lawyer for the leader of the armed occupation at an Oregon wildlife refuge have filed a motion to drop the remaining charges.

The Oregonian/OregonLive reports prosecutors filed the motion Monday, more than three weeks after a judge dropped one of the three charges against Marcus Mumford.

Special attorneys Timothy J. Ohms and George J.C. Jacobs of Washington state filed the motion in U.S. District Court in Portland, asking a judge to dismiss the criminal information without prejudice, meaning the government could file charges in the future.

Mumford’s lawyer, Michael Levine, said he was thankful, but didn’t know what prompted the government’s decision.

The incident in question occurred when Mumford’s client Ammon Bundy was acquitted last fall and Mumford was tackled by federal marshals for refusing to stop arguing with the judge.

When United Grain Corporation stepped in for Pendleton Grain Growers last year, purchasing all of the co-op’s old grain infrastructure, the company promised to invest $9 million toward making the facilities more modern and efficient.

Those upgrades are now underway. Among other things, United Grain plans to add two new ground piles near Mission and Helix, and has already installed automated kiosks at the McNary river terminal to help trucks weigh and unload cargo faster.

Jason Middleton, region manager for United Grain, said they are also working to buy 20 more acres from the Port of Umatilla to expand at McNary along the Columbia River, boosting storage capacity by 3-4 million bushels. As for upcountry elevators, Middleton said they will provide space for specialty crops other than wheat, such as beans, canola and barley.

The projects were laid out during a series of grower’s meetings last week in Pendleton, Hermiston and La Grande, giving local farmers an idea of what to expect come next harvest.

“Speed, space and service is what our goals are here,” Middleton said. “We’re trying to repair our infrastructure, and keep up with the grower.”

For 86 years, members relied on PGG for fuel, agronomy, marketing and more. After PGG dissolved on May 2, 2016, the Board of Directors voted to sell its grain assets to United Grain, including the McNary terminal, Alicel rail terminal and upcountry elevators.

United Grain took over the business on June 10, just weeks before wheat harvest began. That didn’t allow much time to focus on improving buildings, though Middleton, who was hired by PGG as the director of grain operations in 2012, said they knew coming in there was work that needed to be done.

“There was just a lack of maintenance on a lot of those projects,” said Middleton, who used to work as PGG’s director of grain operations. “You can go back four decades, at least.”

With that hectic first harvest behind them, Middleton said they are now ready to move forward on infrastructure. The bulk of the money will be spent at McNary, he said, where they recently automated kiosks at the trucking scales. Now, drivers simply swipe a card to bring up their information, and are directed to one of five pits where they can unload grain.

The way scales are set up will allow trucks to flow in one direction, Middleton said, instead of before when drivers had to weigh in and out at the same scale.

“It’s going to save a lot of time, compared to last year,” he said. “There’s no reason trucks couldn’t get in and out anywhere from five to eight minutes, entire process.”

Automation has also come to the elevator control room at McNary, which will make it easier for the operators there to switch between bins and keep wheat segregated. The idea, Middleton said, is to maximize efficiency — the less time farmers spend at the elevator, the more time they have to work in the fields.

That’s also the concept behind ground piles at Mission and Helix. As combines are able to cut wheat faster, Middleton said farmers are using larger trucks to deliver grain, which can be unloaded more quickly at piles as opposed to the old upcountry elevators.

Each pile will store 1.4 million bushes, Middleton said. The goal is to build a third pile near Athena by next year as well, he added.

Finally, a ground pile and automated scales will be installed at the Alicel Terminal near La Grande. Both Alicel and McNary are used for storing and shipping grain, which is hauled by train at Alicel and by river barge at McNary.

“It should just be a lot more of an efficient process,” he said.

As for the upcountry elevators, many of the old wooden buildings have already been closed for safety, Middleton said. Those include Helix, Rew, Mission, Stanton, Elgin, and Holdman.

But some of the metal and concrete elevators will be upgraded, where farmers will be able store crops on demand separate from traditional wheat. With wheat prices as low as they are, Middleton said he expects farmers may be considering alternatives to help pay the bills.

Options are limited in dryland farming, but barley, canola and certain types of beans or peas may be options, depending on the market.

“If there are other options out there, I think guys will be looking at them,” he said.

Some of the “on demand” crop elevators will include Fulton, Sparks, Pilot Rock, Juniper, Adams and Midway. Many of these facilities simply need some routine repairs and maintenance, Middleton said, but won’t require a ton of capital.

By giving farmers more tools come harvest, Middleton said United Grain hopes to become a competitive choice for growers in the region.

“It’s difficult being a farmer now, with margins as tight as they are,” Middleton said. “We want to be their best option.”

SALEM, Ore. (AP) — As the Oregon Legislature considers sweeping cutbacks and tax hikes to close a $1.6 billion budget deficit, an education ballot initiative that voters overwhelmingly approved in November may be on the chopping block before it goes into effect.

A group of education advocates and bipartisan lawmakers are now demanding the Legislature carry out the will of Oregon voters and fully fund the $300 million per-biennium cost as required by Measure 98.

The measure — designed to boost Oregon’s low graduation rates by requiring statewide career-technical education, college credit courses and other dropout-prevention programs at a cost of $800 per high school student — won more than 65 percent of the vote last fall. But because the measure amends state law, rather than the Oregon Constitution, it can be changed by the Legislature.

Aside from Gov. Kate Brown, who supported Measure 98 during campaign season, suggesting in her budget proposal to cut the measure’s funding in half, current talks of any potential changes are speculative with the end of the legislative session still four months out.

But some state lawmakers and officials at Stand for Children, the Portland-based national education nonprofit behind Measure 98, say the matter is urgent as school districts, like the Legislature, are drafting their budgets for the upcoming 2017-19 cycle beginning July 1.

“The voters of Oregon were clear ... what I’m frustrated by is that there are efforts in this building to attempt to water down Measure 98 to make it do something that the voters did not vote for and perhaps even delay its implementation,” Rep. Mark Johnson, a Republican from Hood River, said Monday during a press conference. “I’m not supporting any of those efforts.”

The measure’s $800 per-student funding requirement would pull from uncommitted money in the state’s general fund, the Legislature’s most discretionary spending dollars. That spending mandate is triggered only when a $1.5 billion-jump in revenue exists from the previous budget cycle. In that instance, money would be diverted into a special fund managed by the state Education Department and distributed accordingly to school districts, which would also be monitored and held accountable for how the money is spent.

By offering alternative learning programs, Measure 98 is touted as a way to keep high school students in the classroom who’ve otherwise decided the traditional college route isn’t for them. It drew accolades from groups and leaders across the spectrum during the election, with the exception of public teachers and superintendents’ unions and groups.

Leaders in the private sector say it also helps boost its pool of skilled workers and therefore strengthens the Oregon job market.

“It’s a tough one, right? Voters said they wanted it and I’m not sure what we do,” said House Speaker Tina Kotek. “But I don’t believe the school districts will be ready actually to start spending the money this fall anyway.”

SALEM — Irrigation districts are butting heads with city governments in Oregon over proposed legislation that’s intended to avert conflicts over housing development and stormwater discharge.

Supporters of Senate bills 865 and 866 say the two bills will help prevent urban encroachment from damaging irrigation facilities and water supplies.

“We need this tool so we can avoid fights,” said Marc Thalacker, manager of the Three Sisters Irrigation District, during a March 9 legislative hearing.

Cities and counties would have to provide notice about impending property subdivisions to irrigation districts, drainage districts and similar entities under SB 865.

Districts shouldn’t be surprised by new developments, said Brent Stevenson, manager of the Santiam Water Control District.

“It will only save money in the long run for others,” Stevenson said of SB 865.

When farmland is converted to urban uses, unintended consequences to irrigation systems can arise, said April Snell, executive director of the Oregon Water Resources Congress.

Cities and counties can ward off such problems by getting input from irrigation districts before approving a plat, or map of the new parcels, she said.

“It’s really for the ability of districts to provide the information,” Snell said.

Irrigation districts can encounter serious financial impacts from urban encroachment, while disruptions to water infrastructure can also hurt urban residents, said Mark Landauer, lobbyist for the Special Districts Association of Oregon.

“People tend not to be very happy when their basements get flooded or things of that nature,” he said.

Under SB 866, cities would have to take reasonable steps to ensure stormwater discharged into irrigation canals meets federal and state water quality standards.

Cities would also be held liable for discharing stormwater into canals unless they receive permission from an irrigation district or implement plans to avoid affecting the district.

Proponents of SB 866 say that irrigation districts may not have the facilities to handle additional water from municipal runoff, potentially breaching canals and causing flooding.

Farmers are also under increasing scrutiny regarding food safety and environmental impacts, so they can face liabilities from pollutants found in stormwater, supporters say.

The League of Oregon Cities and several municipal governments oppose both of the bills, arguing they give excessive authority to irrigation districts while imposing unrealistic conditions on cities.

Opponents claim SB 865 is unnecessarily duplicative of existing procedures that many cities already have in place, so it’s unclear how the new requirements would affect these procedures.

The plat approval process is also a late stage for irrigation district to provide review, which is more appropriate during land use planning, opponents say.

As for SB 866, cities would effectively be responsible for all the rain that falls within their boundaries and potentially collect and divert that stormwater, said Tracy Rutten, intergovernmental affairs associate at the League of Oregon Cities.

The bill is “incredibly broad” and would subject cities to more stringent restrictions than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Rutten said.

Stormwater can cross multiple government jurisdictions, which would greatly complicated any permission agreement under SB 866, said David Sawyer, city administrator of Turner, Ore.

That permission can also be revoked under the bill, thus requiring the development of a plan for stormwater to have “zero effect” on irrigation district, he said.

“No impact is a blank check and it’s a little scary,” Sawyer said.

AURORA — Oregon knows wine grapes. The vineyards growing Pinot noir and multiple other varieties have won justifiable acclaim, as the success of the state’s wine industry attests.

But work done at Oregon State University’s research station in Aurora may help open an opportunity for growing table grapes, the sweet snackers that now come piling into grocery stores from California, Mexico and Chile.

Amanda Vance, a faculty research assistant, spent three years evaluating cultivars planted at OSU’s North Willamette Research and Extension Center, or NWREC. Her work, which has been accepted for scholarly publication, identified several varieties that might be suitable for commercial growing in the Willamette Valley.

Not that Oregon is suddenly going to be shipping truckloads of Thompson Seedless out of state. Instead, Vance said table grapes might increasingly become part of what small producers take to farmers’ markets or sell at roadside stands.

“I think there’s good potential for small, diverse farms to add them into the mix,” she said. “We’ll probably not grow them on a large scale.”

Vance’s research came about partly by happenstance. University berry and fruit breeders sometimes informally share their work with counterparts at other institutions, who grow them as a courtesy to see how they do in other regions, or with an eye to future research of their own. OSU’s North Willamette center has 41 cultivars on a one-third acre demonstration plot, including several selections from Cornell University. In 2006, NWREC accepted new table grape cultivars from John R. Clark, a noted University of Arkansas plant breeder and horticulture professor.

Clark wanted to test his new selections in the Willamette Valley, and afterward came to visit and taste the grapes, but they hadn’t been evaluated until Vance began work on them in 2014.

Vance has worked four years at NWREC, where she manages research fields and does day-to-day data collection and analysis. She has a background in viticulture, however, and the grapes intrigued her. She selected 13 cultivars to study, eventually eliminating three of them because they weren’t working out.

Vance said the most promising of the cultivars are Neptune, a green grape from Arkansas with high yields year after year; Canadice, a smaller red grape from Cornell with good flavor and uniform clusters. The best of the newer varieties from Clark is called A2932. It’s a green grape with nice sized fruit, Vance said, and it will be named and propagated over the next year or so. Vance is doing a mini-trial this year with A2932, comparing cane pruning to spur pruning methods.

Two other promising Arkansas cultivars, Joy and Faith, are purple grapes with variable size in clusters, but good yields.

Vance said the research does not include an economic analysis, but people thinking about growing table grapes will find information such as yield and cluster weight when the study is published. OSU Extension provides general information on growing grapes, and the study results will be noted in OSU’s small farm newsletter, Vance said.

She said table grapes do well in colder climates than the Willamette Valley, including New York and Michigan, and valley farmers may find a spot for them.

“People are always looking to the mix of what they can do,” she said.

PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — Frustrated with life in the big city? Looking to escape to a simpler place where your dreams can stretch out as far as the horizon? If you’ve got deep pockets, this could be your lucky break.

The entire southern Oregon town of Tiller is up for sale, and could be yours for a cool $3.85 million. That’s right: You could own an entire town!

The ability to purchase an entire town is a great opportunity for a developer with vision, according to Garrett Zoller, the listing agent for the property from Medford-based Land and Wildlife realty.

“The most important thing is the arrangement of the properties as a whole, with 28 different tax lots, a school — it makes it very marketable,” Zoller said. “It’s an opportunity to do the development, and do it with a lot more elasticity and less bureaucracy.”

Zoller said that it’s rare for 250 acres and property to become available that could be developed from scratch.

Tiller is an unincorporated town in Douglas County that’s nestled on the banks of the South Umpqua River, about 30 miles east of Canyonville and Interstate 5 along Oregon Route 227. The town sits at an elevation of 1,020 feet, and is surrounded by the Umpqua National Forest and Bureau of Land Management lands. It’s about an hour from Crater Lake, and 24 miles from Seven Feathers casino.

This is an area that’s primed for outdoor recreation, including camping, horseback riding, mountain biking, hunting, and enough fly fishing to make you feel like an extra in a scene from “A River Runs Through It.” The town gets an average for 40 inches of rain each year, and about 3 inches of snow. The July high temperature is about 84 degrees, and the low for January is 33.

Not the outdoorsy sort? Tiller also has potential as a future location for a hotel, resort or restaurant.

The official listing for Tiller notes some of the key features of the town that would be included in the sale:

• 28 tax lots, making up more than 250 acres.

• Multiple domestic and agricultural community water rights.

• Nearly a mile of waterfront along the South Umpqua River and Elk Creek, including launch access for boats.

• Approximately 2 million board feet of merchantable timber.

• Tiller Store, a general store that’s not currently operating, but includes a deli, a commercial kitchen, a gas pump, and an apartment.

There’s plenty of history wrapped up in the sale. Tiller was named for Aaron Tiller, who was a pioneer in the area. Tiller’s post office was established in 1902.

So what’s life in Tiller like? It sounds sleepy, for now. Zoller said the town had very few actual residents, but there are about 250 people nearby. There’s a community church located there, and on Sundays it might attract a congregation of about 50 people.

Tiller’s elementary school has been closed for several years, and is a separate sale from the purchase of the town.

Zoller said there’s been quite a bit of interest in the Tiller sale, including investors from China, as well as people looking at the possibility of developing a senior care facility, and buyers who are interested in using the land for hemp production.

MEDFORD, Ore. (AP) — The leaky dam at Hyatt Lake is being shored up this summer as part of a $3.7 million seismic retrofit.

The Mail Tribune reports the project will bring the dam east of Ashland into safety compliance after a seepage issue was discovered during a 2009 inspection.

Greg Garnett of the federal Bureau of Reclamation says engineers are nearly finished with designs. Work is expected to start in mid-May and run into mid-November.

Because of the project, Hyatt Lake will be kept no higher than four feet from full pool this summer,

That’s not expected to impact the Talent Irrigation District’s ability to store and deliver irrigation water this year. It also won’t change the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife’s trout-stocking plans.

ODFW plans to stock 10,200 legal-sized trout there this spring and 39,000 larger fingerlings in October.

Reopening of a navigation lock at Little Goose Dam near Starbuck, Wash., has been delayed at least a week, according to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

The lock was originally scheduled to reopen March 20.

According to the corps, reasons for the delay include difficulty removing a pin on the operating cylinder and jacking system placement in early January, the extreme winter weather and cracks that appeared on the gate structural members, requiring additional weld repairs.

The corps will provide an update to stakeholders during a phone call March 14, said Gina Baltrusch, corps spokeswoman in Walla Walla, Wash.

“We understand the effect this has on the navigation community,” Baltrusch said. “We know they need as early a decision as possible to make changes to their own plans. We’re going to keep them informed as we continue to get more information. We are doing everything we can to minimize this delay.”

Randy Olstad, general manager of Columbia Grain at Clarkston, Wash., said the delay has an effect on his company, but he understands the need to have the locks repaired so they will last for years to come.

Columbia Grain planned for the worst and hoped for the best in preparing for the closure, so no adjustments are yet needed, Olstad said. He credited the corps with keeping stakeholders informed.

“Do I want to see another delay?” he said. “No, but do I understand it? Yes.”

If the delay is extended further, the company may have to make some adjustments, Olstad said.

Olstad said weather has slowed vessel loading in Portland, so he doesn’t expect the delay to cause too much of a problem.

“The environment’s always changing, so a week from now, I might be very upset, but as it stands today, I’m understanding and hoping they get it done as quickly as they can,” he said.

The lock was taken out of service Dec. 12 as part of system-wide maintenance. Bonneville lock and dam reopened Feb. 9 as scheduled. The Dalles, John Day, McNary, Ice Harbor, Lower Monumental and Lower Granite locks and dams are scheduled to return to service March 20, according to the corps.

A federal judge has rejected environmentalist arguments that cattle grazing has unlawfully harmed endangered sucker fish in Oregon’s Fremont-Winema National Forest.

U.S. Magistrate Judge Mark Clarke has thrown out a lawsuit by three environmental groups — Oregon Wild, Friends of Living Oregon Waters and the Western Watersheds Project — which claimed that grazing was unlawfully authorized on eight allotments in the Lost River watershed.

The plaintiffs accused the U.S. Forest Service of “ignoring widespread evidence of riparian problems” that adversely affected the Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker, which are federally protected under the Endangered Species Act.

However, the judge has ruled that plaintiffs failed to prove that grazing degraded streams in violation of the National Forest Management Act.

Conditions have improved in many riparians areas despite continued grazing while recovery trends are “not significantly different” among sites that are grazed and those that are not, Clarke said.

“This would tend to indicate grazing is not the reason for any failure to attain (riparian management objectives) in streams found on the challenged allotments,” he said.

While the environmental groups have pointed to evidence of deterioration along portions of some creeks, they haven’t shown “watershed level” and “landscape-scale” failures to live up to fish-recovery objectives, Clarke said.

The “creek-specific observations” by environmental groups aren’t enough to “successfully rebut” the Forest Service’s interpretation of the data, he said.

“Finally, many of the creek assessments plaintiffs point to as evidence of a failure to attain (riparian management objectives) actually show improving or stable trends,” the judge said.

The Forest Service’s decision to authorize grazing on the eight allotments was based on “reasonably gathered and evaluated data” related to fish recovery strategies mandated under the National Forest Management Act, he said.

Clarke also dismissed the plaintiffs’ Endangered Species Act arguments, ruling they were moot because future grazing approvals will rely on a new consultation among federal agencies on the two fish species.

The environmental groups’ claims of National Environmental Policy Act violations were likewise dismissed because the plaintiffs hadn’t fully “exhausted” administrative challenges against grazing plans, the ruling said.

New information that’s emerged about threats to the fish and their critical habitat doesn’t rise to the level of requiring additional environmental analysis of grazing, Clarke said.

For example, although the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has reached the “alarming” conclusion that shortnose suckers face a “high degree of threat of extinction,” this finding doesn’t influence the Forest Service’s assessment of grazing, he said.

“While FWS concluded that significant threats to shortnose suckers’ viability remain and thus that their chance of extinction is high, it did not identify grazing as one of those threats; in fact, it made no mention of grazing at all,” the judge said.

Grain handling was initially the primary purpose of the Pratum Co-op, but the company’s focus shifted and expanded in the seven decades since its founding.

The cooperative diversified into selling fertilizers, chemicals and fuel while developing an expertise in grass seed as farmers devoted more acreage to the crop in Oregon’s Willamette Valley.

Eventually, Pratum decommissioned its iconic grain elevator at the company’s headquarters near Salem, Ore., after its grain business was phased out.

This year, though, the cooperative has returned to grain storage and marketing with the purchase of the CHS cooperative’s service center in Madras, Ore.

The move has less to do with nostalgia for the grain industry than a desire to branch out.

“We can spread our risk over a larger cropping system,” said Troy Kuenzi, the cooperative’s president.

Apart from grain handling, the Madras Service Center also has agronomy, seed processing and seed marketing divisions that correspond with several units of the Pratum Co-op.

“We aligned really well with Madras,” said Kuenzi.

The acquisition of the Madras Service Center marks an eastward leap across the Cascade Mountains, opening the cooperative to a new climate and crop portfolio.

The Central Oregon region also specializes in seed crops that aren’t widely grown in the U.S., so Pratum has expertise in serving such growers, said Doug Kuenzi, the cooperative’s agronomy division manager and Troy’s cousin.

“We understand niche crops, we understand how to service them,” he said.

Pratum isn’t disclosing the purchase price for the Madras Service Center, but the cooperative expects it will increase annual sales by $14 million, for a total of about $115 million. The number of employees will also increase by 23, to 115 in total.

The acquisition, which closed in February, includes a 13-acre property, four lines of seed processing equipment, several delivery trucks, a warehouse and a fertilizer plant.

Pratum expects to break ground on replacing the fertilizer plant this autumn with an operation that has faster blending capacity and more storage space, said Troy Kuenzi.

“We feel it would be better to start over with a new, modern, state-of-the art facility,” he said.

Pratum has long shown a willingness to seize new opportunities in its 70-year history.

In reaction to the surge in grass seed production in the 1980s, the cooperative constructed its first seed cleaner for farmers in the region.

As the grass seed industry matured, Pratum assumed new roles in seed contracting and marketing with its Mountain View Seeds division, which was launched in 1998.

Today, the cooperative contracts with farmers to grow grass seed on 28,000 acres.

The company has a private label business, packaging seed under other brand names for its clients, as well as its own “Top Choice” retail trademark.

As larger grass seed companies began buying research firms, Pratum took another step in its vertical integration by partnering with breeder Steve Johnson to start Peak Plant Genetics.

The company operates on 80 acres north of Albany, Ore., and has released and licensed 125 varieties of cool season grasses since it was established in 2008.

The venture’s timing was precarious: Peak Plant Genetics was created during the severe housing downturn that cratered demand for grass seed across the U.S.

Without its own research capabilities, however, Pratum realized that it would struggle for sources of high-end genetics, said Troy Kuenzi.

Over the past nine years, the cooperative has invested about $3.5 million in research and breeding, with Peak Plant Genetics turning its first profit last year.

“We knew it was a long-term investment,” Troy Kuenzi said.

Much of Oregon’s early grass seed production was dedicated to perennial ryegrass but tall fescue has recently been gaining a foothold in the turf market, he said. Valued for its fine texture, dark green color and drought tolerance, tall fescue is making strong in-roads in northern climates.

Aside from providing seed for lawns and golf courses, Pratum works with sod producers across the country to supply turf for sports venues, Troy Kuenzi said.

“It’s evident athletes want to play on real turf. It’s cooler and it’s easier on the body,” he said. “Artificial turf is hot and it’s like a rug burn.”

Pratum Cooperative

Headquarters: Salem, Ore.

Established: 1946

Members: 315

Employees: 115

Annual revenues: $115 million

Business units: Agronomy, petroleum, seed processing, seed marketing, seed research, grain handling

PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — A jury on Friday convicted two men of conspiracy to impede federal officers during last year’s high-profile armed occupation of a wildlife refuge in Oregon in a protest over control of Western lands. They face possible sentences of years in federal prison.

The verdict handed prosecutors some measure of redemption after they failed to convict occupation leaders Ammon and Ryan Bundy and five other occupiers in a trial last fall involving the takeover of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, a federally owned remote bird sanctuary about 290 miles southeast of Portland.

Dozens of people, including some government informants, occupied the refuge from Jan. 2 to Feb. 11, 2016. They were allowed to come and go for several weeks as authorities tried to avoid bloodshed seen in past standoffs at Waco, Texas, and Ruby Ridge, Idaho.

The Bundys and other key figures were arrested in a Jan. 26, 2016 traffic stop outside the refuge that ended with police fatally shooting occupation spokesman Robert “LaVoy” Finicum.

After the verdict, assistant U.S. attorneys Ethan Knight and Geoffrey Barrow said they tried to do a better job of explaining to jurors why the FBI took a hands-off approach and how the standoff impacted refuge employees.

“But at the end of the day, the facts were essentially the same,” Knight said. “And in our system, juries can reach different conclusions.”

Jason Patrick and Darryl Thorn were found guilty of conspiracy and face up to six years in prison. Defendants Duane Ehmer and Jake Ryan were found not guilty of conspiracy but guilty of depredation of government property — for digging two trenches. Thorn was also convicted of possessing a firearm in a federal facility.

The men remain out of prison as they await sentencing May 10. Thorn faces up to five years on the weapons charge. Ehmer and Ryan face up to 10 years on the property charge.

U.S. Attorney for Oregon Billy Williams said the guilty verdicts send a message that it’s not OK to take over buildings and property that belong to all Americans. He pointed out that nearly all the occupiers were from out of state.

“Folks in rural Oregon understand that if they have a disagreement there’s a Democratic process in place for them to raise their concerns and challenge the government,” he said. “They don’t need to do it at the end of a gun.”

Ehmer said after the conviction that he would head “home to go ride my pony for a couple months and then I’m going to take my mom fishing.”

“Life goes on,” he said. “I was there at the refuge and I rode my horse on the game refuge and now I’m a felon.”

Patrick, part of the initial group that seized the refuge, said he plans to appeal. He said the “silver lining” in being found guilty is that the issues raised by the occupation will stay alive during the appellate process.

“Without a guilty verdict, it’s all over and it goes away,” he said.

The men had faced the same primary charge as the Bundy defendants — conspiring to impede Interior Department employees from doing their jobs at the refuge.

Prosecutors had said any rational person would be impeded from work when someone with a gun is sitting at their desk, as images of the occupiers showed they did during the standoff.

Defense attorneys countered that the occupation was a political protest against federal land policy and the imprisonment of two ranchers. They said there was no talk of disrupting someone’s ability to work.

Testimony began Feb. 21 and no defendants took the stand. Ammon Bundy did testify about his motive for the occupation, saying he was “driven” to protest after learning that Oregon ranchers Dwight and Steven Hammond were heading back to prison a second time for setting fires that spread to public rangeland, including refuge property.

There was no dispute the group seized the refuge and established armed patrols, leading many to initially believe these were open-and-shut cases.

Stung by their defeat in the Bundy trial, prosecutors hired an outside consultant to help with jury selection for the latest trial. Barrow and Knight emphasized to jurors that a conspiracy doesn’t require a formal or written agreement hashed out in secrecy.

Most occupiers of the refuge left shortly after Finicum’s death, including the four defendants in the current trial, but a few holdouts remained for a few more weeks before surrendering.

A total of 26 people were indicted on the conspiracy charge. In addition to the 11 who appeared in the two trials, 14 pleaded guilty and charges were dropped against one man.